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Referencing and Bibliography Management Tools
Example (Bibliography): Smith, John. Markets in the Middle Ages. Oxford
University Press, 2018.
3.2 Author-Date System:
Used in sciences and social sciences.
Format: (Smith 2018, 120)
3.3 Notable Features:
Highly flexible and comprehensive.
Strong support for multilingual and archival sources.
Extensive guidelines on punctuation, abbreviation, and capitalization.
4. Harvard Citation Style
Harvard style is a generic term for author-date citation systems used in many universities,
particularly in the UK and Commonwealth countries. Though there is no official governing
body, most implementations follow similar rules.
4.1 In-text Citation:
Format: (Author, Year)
Example: (Smith, 2020)
4.2 Reference List Entry:
Format: Author Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the Book. Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2020). Climate Change and Policy. Cambridge University
Press.
4.3 Notable Features:
Similar to APA in structure.
Typically omits DOI and URL unless necessary.
Variability in punctuation and order depending on institutional guidelines.
5. Comparative Analysis
Feature APA MLA Chicago Harvard
