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Referencing and Bibliography Management Tools

their academic communities. Moreover, understanding the rationale behind different formats
develops critical bibliographic literacy.

The Modern Language Association (MLA) style, currently in its 9th edition (2021), is most
commonly used in the humanities, particularly literature, philosophy, and cultural studies.
MLA uses an author-page citation system and focuses on the author's contribution.

2.1 In-text Citation:

Format: (Author Page)

Example: (Smith 45)

2.2 Works Cited Entry:

Format: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.

Example: Smith, John. Narratives of Resistance. Penguin Books, 2020.

2.3 Notable Features:

Does not require URLs or DOIs for print sources (optional for digital sources).

Emphasizes the medium of publication (e.g., Print, Web).

Titles are italicized; only first letters of major words are capitalized.

3. Chicago Citation Style

The choice of citation style reflects disciplinary norms and publishing expectations. Learning
to navigate and apply these styles enables scholars to communicate more effectively within
their academic communities. Moreover, understanding the rationale behind different formats
develops critical bibliographic literacy.

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), currently in its 17th edition (2017), is used widely in
history, fine arts, and business. It offers two systems:

3.1 Notes and Bibliography (NB) System:

Common in the humanities.

In-text citations appear as footnotes or endnotes.

Full citation appears in a bibliography.

Example (Note):

John Smith, Markets in the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2018), 120.