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Library standards are established benchmarks or guidelines that define

quality, consistency, and efficiency in library operations and services. They
may be developed at national or international levels by organizations such

as the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and the International Federation of Library

Associations and Institutions (IFLA). Standards govern various aspects,

including cataloguing (e.g., MARC21, RDA), classification (e.g., DDC,
UDC), library automation (e.g., Z39.50, SIP2), physical infrastructure

(space standards), and staffing (workforce allocation). Accreditation bodies
often evaluate libraries based on adherence to such standards. Standards

help libraries benchmark services, maintain interoperability in digital

environments, and ensure user satisfaction. In academic settings, they guide
the development of collections, reference services, and information literacy

programs. Compliance with standards also helps with collaborations, audits,
and quality certifications. Ultimately, library standards serve as tools for

performance measurement and continuous improvement, fostering trust and
reliability among users and stakeholders.

7. Resource Sharing by Libraries

Resource sharing among libraries is a cooperative strategy that enables
institutions to access each other's collections and services, reducing

duplication and maximizing user access to information. It involves formal

agreements, networks, or consortia where libraries share books, journals,
databases, knowledge, and infrastructure. Methods include inter-library

loan (ILL), document delivery, union catalogues, and digital repositories.
Examples in India include DELNET, INFLIBNET, and e-ShodhSindhu.

Resource sharing supports cost-effective collection development,

especially for expensive or rare materials. Technological advancements,
such as integrated library systems, federated searching, and cloud-based

services, have enhanced the scope and speed of information sharing. It
promotes fair access to knowledge across geographical and institutional

boundaries, mainly benefiting smaller or specialized libraries. Effective
resource sharing requires standardization, strong communication, and

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